the questions below are from sentill’s professor. he emailed me to ask me for my opinions. my replies are as follows:
- If politics is essentially social, why is not all social activity political?
Q1 is a fallacy. You should know that. If all cats are essentially mammals, why is not all mammals cats?
- Why has politics so often carried negative associations?
Q2. I believe politics have often carried negative associations simply because people often associate politics with government, only thus only have a narrow view of what politics is. The rough and tumble of ugly politics is often “exposed” in mainstream media.
The larger picture of politics is about power relations between individuals or groups of people, the processes that define such relationships and its consequences and effects. A very easy example is the election process, where people vote to empower individuals or groups of people to act on their behalf, hence the transfer of power, and how voting will what consequences and effects. Similarly, there’s also “office politics” where people in an organization jostle with each other to define their powers, exercise their powers and accumulate their powers. Furthermore, power is not merely one-dimensional, but multi-dimensional and can exist on different levels. There are also different currencies of power, such as money, guns, numbers, authority, title, religion, ideology, control amongst others.
Hence, if one uses this above very broad definition, then almost anything and everything is political. A pen. A piece of blank paper. The interaction between you and me. A bottle of wine. Zouk. A mouse. SMU Library. National Library. A restaurant. A box. A road sign. Traffic lights. A zebra crossing. A construction site. A screwdriver. Anything and everything.
- How would you defend politics as a worthwhile and ennobling activity?
Q3. The study of politics allows a person to have a different toolbox, with various tools (theories) in this toolbox to help us view society and human relationships in the environment around us. The study of politics can help us to define terms often misused by people, to understand phenomena when they happen, to learn with an open mind, to prescribe solutions to problems, to predict into the future what certain actions entail. It is immensely empowering.
- Is politics inevitable? Could politics ever be brought to an end?
Q4. Yes politics is inevitable if the definition above is used because inherently, individuals and groups of people possess and have access to different forms of power. All are seeking to influence each other in some way or another to achieve their own or the group’s own purpose/objectives. No, politics cannot be brought to an end if human continue to exist socially in interaction.
- Why is the idea of a science of politics been so attractive?
Q5. The idea of the science of politics is so attractive simply because the art of science provides us with rigorous paradigms and a healthy attitude towards studying politics. The scientific method of generating hypothesis, hypothesis testing, evidence collection, theory testing, investigation of causal mechanisms, a mindset of healthy skepticism allows us to study the complex layers of politics.
- Is it possible to study politics objectively without bias?
Q6. Yes. One must be clear when one is using and creating objective data and facts, which is separate from normative opinions and views which are infused with one’s beliefs and ethical standards.
- How do political scientists differ from one another?
Q7. Political scientists differ from one another in the theories that they employ to study politics and the subsequent interpretations that result from such study. For example, for a single event that occurs in international relations, I can recollect studying at least four, FOUR, different theories in the study of international relations, which can give four different interpretations for that same single event. It is important as a student of politics to know all.